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Introduction Penile fibrosis represents one of the most complex and underappreciated pathophysiological processes contributing to erectile dysfunction (ED). It lies at the intersection of vascular compromise, smooth muscle apoptosis, hormonal deficiency, oxidative stress, and chronic…

Introduction Radical prostatectomy remains a cornerstone in the management of localized prostate cancer. While surgical refinements and nerve-sparing approaches have significantly improved outcomes, erectile dysfunction (ED) continues to be one of the most prevalent and…

Introduction Cancer remains one of the greatest medical challenges of our era. While advances in genomics, immunotherapy, and targeted agents have transformed clinical outcomes in select cancers, metastasis and therapeutic resistance continue to drive mortality.…

Introduction The steady march of time leaves unmistakable footprints on the human body. While aging is a universal biological process, its consequences manifest with striking heterogeneity. Among the most insidious features of aging is the…

Introduction Cancer remains one of the greatest medical challenges of our time, not only because of its uncontrolled cell proliferation but also due to its intricate relationship with chronic inflammation. Over the past two decades,…

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is often portrayed as an inevitable part of aging, a silent yet pervasive condition that robs men of confidence and intimacy. However, the story is far more complex. ED is not…

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) following prostate cancer treatment remains one of the most distressing complications for patients and their partners. For men undergoing definitive radiotherapy, whether external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or brachytherapy, sexual function often…

Introduction: More Than Just a Molecule of Relaxation Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) has long been known as a second messenger critical to vascular smooth muscle relaxation, a discovery that ultimately revolutionized the management of erectile…

Introduction For decades, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has stood as one of the most formidable challenges in neurology, robbing millions of their memory, independence, and dignity. Despite decades of research, therapeutic breakthroughs remain sparse, with most…

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains one of the most vexing problems in modern obstetrics. Affecting roughly 5–7% of pregnancies, it is not simply a matter of having a “small baby.” Rather, it represents a pathophysiological…