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Introduction Cancer remains one of the greatest medical challenges of our era. While advances in genomics, immunotherapy, and targeted agents have transformed clinical outcomes in select cancers, metastasis and therapeutic resistance continue to drive mortality.…

Introduction The steady march of time leaves unmistakable footprints on the human body. While aging is a universal biological process, its consequences manifest with striking heterogeneity. Among the most insidious features of aging is the…

Introduction Cancer remains one of the greatest medical challenges of our time, not only because of its uncontrolled cell proliferation but also due to its intricate relationship with chronic inflammation. Over the past two decades,…

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is often portrayed as an inevitable part of aging, a silent yet pervasive condition that robs men of confidence and intimacy. However, the story is far more complex. ED is not…

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) following prostate cancer treatment remains one of the most distressing complications for patients and their partners. For men undergoing definitive radiotherapy, whether external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or brachytherapy, sexual function often…

Introduction: More Than Just a Molecule of Relaxation Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) has long been known as a second messenger critical to vascular smooth muscle relaxation, a discovery that ultimately revolutionized the management of erectile…

Introduction For decades, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has stood as one of the most formidable challenges in neurology, robbing millions of their memory, independence, and dignity. Despite decades of research, therapeutic breakthroughs remain sparse, with most…

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains one of the most vexing problems in modern obstetrics. Affecting roughly 5–7% of pregnancies, it is not simply a matter of having a “small baby.” Rather, it represents a pathophysiological…

For more than two decades, sildenafil citrate has been celebrated as the little blue pill that transformed the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Its mechanism—blocking phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) to enhance nitric oxide–cGMP signaling—has been widely…

The management of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains one of the most pressing challenges in obstetrics. Defined as the failure of a fetus to achieve its genetically determined growth potential, IUGR is a condition that…