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Introduction: More Than Just a Molecule of Relaxation Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) has long been known as a second messenger critical to vascular smooth muscle relaxation, a discovery that ultimately revolutionized the management of erectile…

Introduction For decades, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has stood as one of the most formidable challenges in neurology, robbing millions of their memory, independence, and dignity. Despite decades of research, therapeutic breakthroughs remain sparse, with most…

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains one of the most vexing problems in modern obstetrics. Affecting roughly 5–7% of pregnancies, it is not simply a matter of having a “small baby.” Rather, it represents a pathophysiological…

For more than two decades, sildenafil citrate has been celebrated as the little blue pill that transformed the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Its mechanism—blocking phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) to enhance nitric oxide–cGMP signaling—has been widely…

The management of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains one of the most pressing challenges in obstetrics. Defined as the failure of a fetus to achieve its genetically determined growth potential, IUGR is a condition that…

Erectile dysfunction (ED) has evolved from a taboo subject whispered behind closed doors to a mainstream medical concern openly discussed in both clinics and commercials. Defined as the inability to achieve or maintain an erection…

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a frequently underestimated complication of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet it affects nearly two-thirds of patients across their disease trajectory. Its impact is not confined to the bedroom; it extends into domains…

Erectile dysfunction (ED) has long been managed with a one-size-fits-all mentality, dominated by the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors such as sildenafil. While these agents revolutionized the field by providing a safe, effective,…

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, most famously known through sildenafil, have become cultural icons of sexual health. Originally developed to treat angina, these drugs serendipitously changed the landscape of erectile dysfunction (ED) therapy. Yet the…

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common male sexual health disorders, affecting millions worldwide. It is no longer viewed as an isolated inconvenience but as a complex condition intricately linked to metabolic, vascular,…